Numerical simulation of indoor suspension particles based on v-f model

This paper presents a new algorithm for the prediction of indoor suspension particle dispersion based on a v²-f model. In order to handle the near-wall turbulence anisotropy properly, which is significant in the dispersion of fine particles, the particle eddy diffusivity is calculated using different formulae among regions of the turbulent core and in the vicinity of walls. The new algorithm is validated by several cases performed in two ventilated rooms with various air distribution patterns. The simulation results reveal that v²-f nonlinear turbulence model combined with a particle convective equation gives satisfactory agreement with the experimental data. It is generally found that the dynamic equation combined with the v²-f model can properly handle low Reynolds number (LRN) flows which are usually encountered in indoor air flows and fine particle dispersion.     

Nonstandard Finite Difference Schemes for Differential Equations

This paper gives an introduction to nonstandard finite difference methods useful for the construction of discrete models of differential equations when numerical solutions are required. While the general rules for such schemes are not precisely known at the present time, several important criterion have been found. We provide an explanation of their significance and apply them to several model ordinary and partial differential equations. The paper ends with a discussion of several outstanding problems in this area and other related issues.     

Rapid simulation procedure for fretting wear on the basis of the method of dimensionality reduction

We suggest a numerical procedure for rapid simulation of fretting wear in a contact of two bodies subjected to tangential oscillations with a small amplitude. The incremental wear in each point of contact area is calculated using the Reye–Archard–Khrushchov wear criterion. For applying this criterion, the distributions of pressure and relative displacements of bodies are required. These are calculated using the method of dimensionality reduction (MDR).     

A non-Gaussian Ornstein–Uhlenbeck model for pricing wind power futures

The recent introduction of wind power futures written on the German wind power production index has brought with it new interesting challenges in terms of modelling and pricing. Some particularities of this product are the strong seasonal component embedded in the underlying, the fact that the wind index is bounded from both above and below and also that the futures are settled against a synthetically generated spot index. Here, we consider the non-Gaussian Ornstein–Uhlenbeck type processes proposed by Barndorff-Nielsen and Shephard in the context of modelling the wind power production index. We discuss the properties of the model and estimation of the model parameters. Further, the model allows for an analytical formula for pricing wind power futures. We provide an empirical study, where the model is calibrated to 37 years of German wind power production index that is synthetically generated assuming a constant level of installed capacity. Also, based on 1 year of observed prices for wind power futures with different delivery periods, we study the market price of risk. Generally, we find a negative risk premium whose magnitude decreases as the length of the delivery period increases. To further demonstrate the benefits of our proposed model, we address the pricing of European options written on wind power futures, which can be achieved through Fourier techniques.     

A comparison of numerical and analytical radiative-transfer solutions for plane albedo of natural waters

Several numerical and analytical solutions of the radiative transfer equation (RTE) were compared for plane albedo in a problem of solar light reflection by sea water. The study incorporated the simplest case—a semi-infinite one-dimensional plane—parallel absorbing and scattering homogeneous layer illuminated by a monodirectional light beam. Inelastic processes (such as Raman scattering and fluorescence), polarization and air-water surface refraction-reflection effects, were not considered. Algorithms were based on the invariant imbedding method and two different variants of the discrete ordinate method (DOM). Calculations were performed using parameters across all possible ranges (single-scattering albedo ω₀ and refracted solar zenith angle θ₁), but with a special emphasis on natural waters. All computations were made for two scattering phase functions, which included an almost isotropic Rayleigh phase function and strongly anisotropic double-peaked Fournier-Forand-Mobley phase function. Models were validated using quasi-single-scattering (QSSA) and exponential approximations, which represent the extreme cases of ω₀→0 and ω₀→1, respectively. All methods yielded relative differences within 1.8% for modeled natural waters. An analysis of plane albedo behavior resulted in the development of a new extended QSSA approximation, which when applied in conjunction with the extended Hapke approximation developed earlier, resulted in a maximum relative error of 2.7%. The study results demonstrated that for practical applications, the estimation of inherent optical properties from observed reflectance can best be achieved using an extended Hapke approximation.     

Flow injection analysis simulations and diffusion coefficient determination by stochastic and deterministic optimization methods

Stochastic and deterministic simulations of dispersion in cylindrical channels on the Poiseuille flow have been presented. The random walk (stochastic) and the uniform dispersion (deterministic) models have been used for computations of flow injection analysis responses. These methods coupled with the genetic algorithm and the Levenberg–Marquardt optimization methods, respectively, have been applied for determination of diffusion coefficients. The diffusion coefficients of fluorescein sodium, potassium hexacyanoferrate and potassium dichromate have been determined by means of the presented methods and FIA responses that are available in literature. The best-fit results agree with each other and with experimental data thus validating both presented approaches.     

MICROEMULSION SYSTEMS WITH A NONIONIC COSURFACTANT

The conditions to obtain W/0 microemulsions using ionic surfactants and a nonionic cosurfactant, a polyoxyethylene alkyl ether, were investigated. The length of the polyoxyethylene chain was critical to obtain the typical water solubilization maximum

The variation of the W/0 microemulsion region with hydrocarbon content was different from that of the usual type of microemulsions having a medium chain length alcohol as cosurfactant. In the present systems the W/0 microemulsion region was not a direct continuation of the inverse micellar area at zero content of hydrocarbon. Addition of hydrocarbon was necessary for the formation of inverse micelles

The microemulsion regions were sensitive to the kind of hydrocarbon used; a sign of the importance of the nonionic surfactant for the stability of this kind of microemulsions.     

Application of Non-Destructive X-Ray Fluorescence Spectrometry to the Analysis of Suspended Matter in Sea Water

Abstract

In the framework of remote sensing studies concerning coastal transport of pollution in the Northern Adriatic Sea, a method has been developed for the quantitative determination of sulphur, iron, titanium, calcium, phosphorus, silicon, aluminium, magnesium in suspended matter of sea water.

The suspended material was collected by filtering on millipore membrane filters with pore width of 0.45 μ and directly analysed by X-ray spectroscopy. For calibration dried solution and particulate standard samples were used. Limits of sensitivity and precision of the method are reported.

Correlations between the concentration of these elements and the total suspended matter/chlorophyll are discussed.

The aim is to study the geochemical composition of particulate matter and its variations within the geographical site of the sea basin and the seasonal conditions. The approach is to consider aluminium and the other elements normalized on Al. On the basis of a matrix correlation analyses of some sets of data chosen in the restricted area for investigation, some hypothesis on superficial distribution of clay, carbonate, iron hydrous oxides and other mineral detrites, are taken into account. The results confirm the complex situation existing in the offshore area of the Venice lagoon from a geochemical point of view.

The suspended matter seem to be argillaceous in the Southern part of the investigated area and semi-argillaceous with hydrous oxides and carbonates in the Northern part which is influenced by the Piave river.     

锌电极放电过程及失效机制数值分析

锌-空气电池是一种高能量的电池体系.实验表明, 在大功率工作条件下, 锌电极的材料利用率随电流密度的增加而急剧下降. 为探索其在大功率工作条件下的放电机理, 本文针对这一过程建立了一维数学模型, 通过数值求解模拟多个物理量如离子浓度、传递电流密度、电极孔隙度、固体氧化锌等在电极内部的分布变化情况, 在此基础上分析电极的性能. 数值结果分析表明, 固体氧化锌对电极内质量传输过程的限制是导致电极失效的根本原因. 其析出时间及在电极内部的集中分布位置对电极性能有显著影响; 而仅当其体积分数超过30%-35%的范围后才开始显著限制传质过程. 讨论了电极的优化措施, 模拟表明更高的溶液电导率,更大的电极孔隙度有利于增加大功率工作条件下电极的材料利用率. 但最重要的是保持电极内部氢氧根离子的浓度在一个较高的值,对于封闭式电极可以通过补液实现, 理想情况为设计一个电解液循环式的锌电极.     

大型砂尘风洞中砂尘浓度测量与控制方法的研究

砂尘浓度指标严重影响砂尘风洞试验效果;在大型砂尘风洞中准确的测量及有效的控制砂尘浓度是砂尘风洞设备研制中的两个关键问题;针对动态试验工况环境中浓度传感器标定的问题,分析了浓度测量时标定参数与风速和浓度的关系,使用模型树算法建立了三者之间的关系模型,以此模型来预测各种动态情况下的标定参数;针对复杂环境下浓度动态控制问题,采用专家PID算法,提出了多回路控制系统结构和专家规则;工程实践表明该测量和控制方法满足了动态试验环境的需求,取得了良好效果;模型树算法和专家PID系统能有效的解决动态工况下砂尘浓度的测量与控制问题。